Punishment can also lead to lasting negative unintended side effects as well. Some have found that punishment can be a useful tool in suppressing behavior while some have found it to have a weak effect on suppressing behavior. There are primary punishers which directly affect the individual such as pain and are a natural response and then there are secondary punishers which are things that are learned to be negative like a buzzing sound when getting an answer wrong on a game show.Ĭonflicting findings have been found on the effectiveness of the use of punishment. There are rewarding stimuli which are considered pleasant and aversive stimuli, which are considered unpleasant. Different kinds of stimuli exist as well. While similar to reinforcement, punishment's goal is to decrease behaviors while reinforcement's goal is to increase behaviors. Positive punishment involves the introduction of a stimulus to decrease behavior while negative punishment involves the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior. There are two types of punishment, positive and negative. For example, a painful stimulus which would act as a punisher for most people may actually reinforce some behaviors of masochistic individuals. MO can be categorized in abolishing operations, decrease the effectiveness of the stimuli and establishing, increase the effectiveness of the stimuli. This is called motivating operations (MO), because they alter the effectiveness of a stimulus. Whether a change is or is not punishing is determined by its effect on the rate that the behavior occurs. As with reinforcement, it is the behavior, not the human/animal, that is punished. In operant conditioning, punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings which, occurring after a given behavior or response, reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.
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